# A tour of Factor: 3

## Modules and testing

Posted by Andrea Ferretti on June 20, 2016

## Vocabularies

It is now time to start writing your functions in files and learn how to import them in the listener. Factor organizes words into nested namespaces called vocabularies. You can import all names from a vocabulary with the word USE:. In fact, you may have seen something like

USE: math.ranges


when you asked the listener to import the word [1,b] for you. You can also use more than one vocabulary at a time with the word USING:, which is followed by a list of vocabularies and terminated by ;, like

USING: math.ranges sequences.deep ;


Finally, you define the vocabulary where your definitions are stored with the word IN:. If you search the online help for a word you have defined so far, like prime?, you will see that your definitions have been grouped under the default scratchpad vocabulary. By the way, this shows that the online help automatically collects information about your own words, which is a very useful feature.

There are a few more words, like QUALIFIED:, FROM:, EXCLUDE: and RENAME:, that allow more fine-grained control over the imports, but USING: is the most common.

On disk, vocabularies are stored under a few root directories, much like with the classpath in JVM languages. By default, the system starts looking up into the directories basis, core, extra, work under the Factor home. You can add more, both at runtime with the word add-vocab-root, and by creating a configuration file .factor-rc, but for now we will store our vocabularies under the work directory, which is reserved for the user.

Generate a template for a vocabulary writing

USE: tools.scaffold
"github.tutorial" scaffold-work


You will find a file work/github/tutorial/tutorial.factor containing an empty vocabulary. Factor integrates with many editors, so you can try "github.tutorial" edit: this will prompt you to choose your favourite editor, and use that editor to open the newly created vocabulary.

You can add the definitions of the previous paragraph, so that it looks like

! Copyright (C) 2016 Andrea Ferretti.
USING: ;
IN: github.tutorial

: [2,b] ( n -- {2,...,n} ) 2 swap [a,b] ; inline

: multiple? ( a b -- ? ) swap divisor? ; inline

: prime? ( n -- ? ) [ sqrt [2,b] ] [ [ multiple? ] curry ] bi any? not ;


Since the vocabulary was already loaded when you scaffolded it, we need a way to refresh it from disk. You can do this with "github.tutorial" refresh. There is also a refresh-all word, with a shortcut F2.

You will be prompted a few times to use vocabularies, since your USING: statement is empty. After having accepted all of them, Factor suggests you a new header with all the needed imports:

USING: kernel math.functions math.ranges sequences ;
IN: github.tutorial


Now that you have some words in your vocabulary, you can edit, say, the multiple? word with \ multiple? edit. You will find your editor open on the relevant line of the right file. This also works for words in the Factor distribution, although it may be a bad idea to modify them.

This \ word requires a little explanation. It works like a sort of escape, allowing us to put a reference to the next word on the stack, without executing it. This is exactly what we need, because edit is a word that takes words themselves as arguments. This mechanism is similar to quotations, but while a quotation creates a new anonymous function, here we are directly refering to the word multiple?.

Back to our task, you may notice that the words [2,b] and multiple? are just helper functions that you may not want to expose directly. To hide them from view, you can wrap them in a private block like this

<PRIVATE

: [2,b] ( n -- {2,...,n} ) 2 swap [a,b] ; inline

: multiple? ( a b -- ? ) swap divisor? ; inline

PRIVATE>


After making this change and refreshed the vocabulary, you will see that the listener is not able to refer to words like [2,b] anymore. The <PRIVATE word works by putting all definitions in the private block under a different vocabulary, in our case github.tutorial.private.

It is still possible to refer to words in private vocabularies, as you can confirm by searching for [2,b] in the online help, but of course this is discouraged, since people do not guarantee any API stability for private words. Words under github.tutorial can refer to words in github.tutorial.private directly, like prime? does.

## Tests and documentation

This is a good time to start writing some unit tests. You can create a skeleton with

"github.tutorial" scaffold-tests


You fill find a generated file under work/github/tutorial/tutorial-tests.factor, that you can open with "github.tutorial" edit-tests. Notice the line

USING: tools.test github.tutorial ;


that imports the unit testing module as well as your own. We will only test the public prime? function.

Tests are written using the unit-test word, which expects two quotations: the first one containing the expected outputs and the second one containing the words to run in order to get that output. Add these lines to github.tutorial-tests:

[ t ] [ 2 prime? ] unit-test
[ t ] [ 13 prime? ] unit-test
[ t ] [ 29 prime? ] unit-test
[ f ] [ 15 prime? ] unit-test
[ f ] [ 377 prime? ] unit-test
[ f ] [ 1 prime? ] unit-test
[ t ] [ 20750750228539 prime? ] unit-test


You can now run the tests with "github.tutorial" test. You will see that we have actually made a mistake, and pressing F3 will show more details. It seems that our assertions fails for 2.

In fact, if you manually try to run our functions for 2, you will see that our defition of [2,b] returns { 2 } for 2 sqrt, due to the fact that the square root of two is less than two, so we get a descending interval. Try making a fix so that the tests now pass.

There are a few more words to test errors and inference of stack effects. unit-test suffices for now, but later on you may want to check must-fail and must-infer.

We can also add some documentation to our vocabulary. Autogenerated documentation is always available for user-defined words (even in the listener), but we can write some useful comments manually, or even add custom articles that will appear in the online help. Predictably, we start with "github.tutorial" scaffold-docs and then "github.tutorial" edit-docs.

The generated file work/github/tutorial-docs.factor imports help.markup and help.syntax. These two vocabularies define words to generate documentation. The actual help page is generated by the HELP: parsing word.

The arguments to HELP: are nested array of the form { $directive content... }. In particular, you see here the directives $values and$description, but a few more exist, such as $errors, $examples and $see-also.

Notice that the type of the output ? has been inferred to be boolean. Change the first lines to look like

USING: help.markup help.syntax kernel math ;
IN: github.tutorial

HELP: prime?
{ $values { "n" fixnum } { "?" boolean } } {$description "Tests if n is prime. n is assumed to be a positive integer." } ;


and refresh the github.tutorial vocabulary. If you now look at the help for prime?, for instance with \ prime? help, you will see the updated documentation.

You can also render the directives in the listener for quicker feedback. For instance, try writing

{ \$values
{ "n" integer }
{ "?" boolean }
} print-content


The help markup contains a lot of possible directives, and you can use them to write stand-alone articles in the help system. Have a look at some more with "element-types" help.

In the next post, we will have a look at the object-oriented features of Factor.

Until then!